J Lasers Med Sci. 2020 Winter; 11(1): 91–97.
Published online 2020 Jan 18. doi:10.15171/jlms.2020.15
PMCID: PMC7008747
PMID: 32099633
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Abstract
Lasers have wide applications in the treatment and diagnosis of diseases and various medical fields. Laser therapy like the other methods has advantages and disadvantages. Some risks such as bleeding, pain, and infection are created after laser therapy. Explanation and evaluation of laser effects on cell function, tissue, and the body are the aims of this study. We reviewed papers available from 1986 to 2019 about the effects of lasers on cells and tissue. An online search of PubMed, Science Direct and Google scholar using such keywords as "laser", "cell", "tissue", "body" and "side effects" was performed. The laser photons are absorbed by chromophores, resulting in the target heating and localized damage. Laser irradiation alters cellular metabolism and cellular functions. These alterations may be accompanied by undesired side effects which can be monitored via metabolites level change in the body. Based on this finding, laser therapy may be associated with several side effects and complications; therefore, before treatment, the determination of laser types and their properties is necessary to avoid creating side effects. The advantages and disadvantages of the treatment type should be considered in order to choose the best treatment with the least side effects. The patients’ awareness of possible side effects before treatment and also an effective follow-up and management of patients after action are two important points in laser therapy. Training curriculum definition should be determined for laser applicant qualifications in different medical fields.
Keywords: laser therapy, Cell, Tissue, Body
Introduction
The first line of treatment in the case of many diseases is usually medication; however, the elevation of the therapeutic dose of drugs in numerous cases can lead to increasing further side effects. Patients are not satisfied with medical treatment due to incomplete pain control or drug side effects. Drowsiness, dizziness, fatigue, nystagmus, nausea, and memory loss are common side effects of drugs that require alternative treatment. When drug therapy is not useful and fails, other types of management such as surgical treatment and laser therapy1 are suggested. Laser therapy is commonly used in the treatment of diseases such as trigeminal neuralgia and dermatologic diseases.2 Lasers, as the source of light or radiation energy, were described by Theodore Meimann in 1960.3 Laser devices produce electromagnetic radiation that is relatively uniform in wavelength, phase, and polarization. Different kinds of lasers are used for medical treatments. Laser therapy is a form of medicine that applies laser radiation to the surface of the body. While lasers are used to cut or remove tissue, relieve pain, reduce inflammation and edema, promote wounds, prevent tissue damage, and heal deeper tissues and nerves in medicine, they stimulate and enhance cell and tissue function. The effects of lasers are confined to the special set of wavelengths. Several studies indicate that laser therapy may be effective in relieving pain for nervous system diseases4,5 such as trigeminal neuralgia,6 rheumatoid arthritis,7 chronic neck pain,8 and osteoarthritis.9 Photons are absorbed by the electron absorption bands of the receptors called chromophores and cause the effects. The main tissue chromophores including hemoglobin and melanin have high absorption bands during shorter waves. Also, water strongly absorbs infrared photons at wavelengths above 1100 nm. Therefore, using low-level lasers in medicine is known as a suitable tool. Low-Level Lasers such as ruby, Argone, HeNe, and Krypton are types of lasers that affect biological systems through non-thermal means.10 In order to influence the visible light exposure to a living biological system, it can absorb photons by using electron capture bands belonging to some molecular photo-receptors. When the tissue chromophores, often hemoglobin, water or melanin, are affected by laser energy, the photon is absorbed, so it causes the target material to heat up and inflicts localized damage. In addition, laser energy is absorbed more rapidly and intensively through the skin and then causes localized damage.11 Furthermore, the person who directs the laser must be fully trained and skilled because lasers of an unspecified purpose can burn or destroy healthy tissue. Treatment complications of laser therapy may occur following the application of different types of laser devices and must be anticipated. In this article, we explain and evaluate several effects of lasers on cell functions, tissue, and the body.
Methods
Papers which explain the effects of lasers on cells, tissue and organisms and also laser therapy complication in the online journals that were published from 1986 to 2019 were searched. An online search of PubMed, Science Direct and Google scholar using such keywords as “laser”, “cell”, “tissue”, “body” and “side effects” was performed. All documents in the English language were considered. The titles were screened and the suitable abstracts were studied. Finally, the appropriate articles were selected and the full text of these documents was extracted.
Introducing Laser Devices and Tissue Chromophores
Various types of laser devices are used in medicine. Table 1 demonstrates a list of laser types, their applications, and their properties.3,12-14 The fields in which relevant lasers are applied are also shown in Table 1. Tissue chromophores that absorb laser photons and the related absorbed wavelengths are tabulated in Table 2.15,16 Nucleic acid, protein, hemoglobin, melanin, water, lipid, elavins, and cytochrome oxidase are highlighted as chromophores.
Table 1
The List ofVarious Lasers Which Are Used in the Treatment of Different Types of Diseases and the Application Cases and Their Properties
| Laser Type | Wavelength (nm) | Chromophore | Application |
| Ruby | 694 | Pigment, hemoglobin | Dermatology |
| Nd:YAG | 1064 | Pigment, proteins, hemoglobin | Wide application |
| Ho:YAG | 2130 | Water | Surgery, root canal lithotripsy |
| Er:YAG | 2940 | Water | Surgery, dental drill |
| KTP | 532 | Pigment, hemoglobin | Dermatology |
| Alexandrite | 720-800 | Pigment | Bone cutting |
| HeNe | 633 | Pigment, hemoglobin | Photodynamic therapy |
| Argone | 350-514 | Pigment, hemoglobin | Surgery, photodynamic therapy, dermatology |
| Diod lasers | 630–98 0nm | Pigment, water, proteins | Photodynamic therapy surgery |
| Co2 | 10600 | Water | Surgery |
| ArF Excimer | 193 | Proteins | Corneal surgery |
| XeCl Exicimer | 308 | Proteins, lipids | Dermatology |
| Nitrogen | 337 | Pigment | Dermatology |
| Copper Vapor | 578 | Pigment | Dermatology |
| Gold Vapor | 628 | Pigment | Photodynamic therapy |
| Argon-pumped dye | 630-690 | Pigment | Photodynamic therapy |
| KTP pumped dye | 630-635 | Pigment | Photodynamic therapy |
| Flash lamp pumped dye | 580-600 | Pigment | Dermatology |
Table 2
Various Types of Tissue Chromophores and Their Main Absorption Wavelengths
| Chromophores | Absorption Wavelengths (nm) |
| Nucleic acid | 260-280 |
| Protein | 280-300 |
| Hemoglobin | 400, 542, 554, 576 |
| Melanin | 400-800 |
| Water | 1400-10000 |
| Flavins | 420-500 |
| Cytochrome oxidase | 620-900 |
Epidermal Side Effects of Laser Therapy
Laser therapy has been used for forty years to reduce pain, swelling, and inflammation, prevent tissue damage, heal wounds, and treat deeper tissues and nerves. In these fields, the laser stimulates or inhibits cell and tissue function which leads to clinical effects finally.17-20
Before laser therapy, patients’ history including abnormal scarring, allergy, excessive sun exposure, herpes virus infection, any vascular and immunological disorders, tissue reinforced with silicone, smoking, and former cosmetic surgery must be considered. Because many drugs including amiodarone, minocycline, warfarin, isotretinoin, aspirin, niacin, vitamin E cause delayed healing, bleeding, scarring, increased bruising, hyperpigmentation, and localized chrysiasis after laser therapy, the medications that the patients have taken must be considered.21-23
The open wounds that are created after laser resurfacing and laser tattoo removal require daily care to optimize healing. Otherwise, infection, persistent erythema, and scarring are created. There are a variety of complications after reconstructive surgery and facial rejuvenation using CO2 and Er: YAG lasers. These include bacterial and viral infections, pain, persistent erythema, delayed healing, scarring, hypopigmentation, hyperpigmentation, acne, milia, ectropion, pruritus, contact dermatitis, vascular proliferation, and eruptive keratoacanthomas.24-28
Now many new pulsed dye laser generations are available with variable pulse duration, longer wavelengths, faster repetition rates, larger spot sizes, and epidermal cooling devices. Although these upgraded devices improve clinical results, some complications and side effects have not been eliminated completely. For example, several complications of pulsed dye laser therapy such as purpura, blisters, pain, crusting, hypopigmentation, hyperpigmentation, dermatitis, and atrophic scarring have remained.29,30 However, researchers have identified that laser therapy is associated with a relatively low complication rate. The complications and side effects that are observed after laser treatment are temporary and are not dramatically severe or do not lead to long-term effects.31
Effects of Laser on Cell Function
In cells, mitochondria are the first site to show the early effects of laser with photon absorption. After photon absorption by the cytochrome c oxidase enzyme, the chromophore for the red-NIR range, an electron-excited state, and an intensified electron transfer reaction are up-regulated. This process leads to the increment of ATP production, the modulation of reactive oxygen species, and the induction of expression of TNF transcription factors.32 Changes in cellular redox status regulate many transcription factors such as NF-κB, Ref-1, p53, ATF/CREB, and HIF-1α. This then induces transcriptional changes and the activation of several intracellular signaling pathways such as protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, cell cycle progression, and enzyme activation. Additionally, it stimulates the differentiation of some cell types33 and leads to increased cell proliferation and cell migration, growth factors and inflammatory mediators, and the modulation of cytokines (Figure 1).34 All mentioned alterations are accompanied by possible dysregulation in the molecular mechanism of cell function because cell proliferation and cell cycle progression are important processes on which cell function depends.35 Also, lasers alter cellular metabolism and transcription factors which are responsible for gene expression.36
Metabolomic Effect of Laser
Intravascular laser blood irradiation is used in the treatment of various diseases. Laser irradiation therapy influences the whole of organisms, cells, and tissues and it may alter the metabolome profile. It induces ATP synthesis and energy formation in cells, reduces the status of glucose, cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, and very low-density lipoproteins, stabilizes the hormonal and immune system, and increases arginine and nitric oxide production. Arginine causes the release of some hormones such as glucagon, insulin, growth hormone, adrenalin, prolactin, and catecholamines.37-39 In diabetic patients, after laser blood irradiation, levels of main metabolites such as glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, dehydroascorbic acid, R-3-hydroxybutyric acid, L-histidine, and L-alanine decrease and L-arginine increase in plasma.40
Hypertrichosis After Laser Therapy
In 1996 after the approval of FDA, because of the relative safety and efficacy of lasers and highly pulsating lasers (HPLs) treatments, HPLs were commonly used to terminate unwanted hair growth by using laser wavelengths in the red and 600-1100 nm range and pulsing light energy to melanin in hair shafts.Upon absorption, the light converts to thermal energy and destroys the hair follicle precursor cells while destroying the surrounding tissue.41,42 After a few months, Hypertrichosis, a rare and significant side effect, occurs in areas treated with laser devices with low fluencies and all laser types43 such as Nd:YAG, diode lasers, and alexandrite lasers.44-48 Hypertrichosis is the result of suboptimal rays that are too low to stimulate thermolysis and high enough to induce follicular growth and convert follicles from telogen (resting phase) to anagen (active phase) or transform vascular follicles into terminal follicles. It mostly occurs in the patients’ face and neck with darker skin and coarse hair with hormonal imbalances.10,13 Its pathogenesis includes the regulation of prostaglandin E2 (inflammatory mediator) production by ultraviolet radiation and stimulation. Reversible hypertrichosis and hair growth occur when it is applied topically.49,50
Diabetic Retinopathy and Laser Therapy
Diabetic retinopathy laser therapy is an effective treatment to prevent vision loss in diabetic patients. Laser therapy is an effective method for preventing vision loss and maintaining long-term vision, but it is inherently destructive and is associated with side-effects, especially with regards to dark adaptation, peripheral visual function, and night vision.14,51
Laser photon is absorbed by pigment cells in the retina, thereby increasing the temperature in the cell and heating it and thus destroying the outer retina cells including the outer receptor photon and the retinal pigment epithelium. Therefore, the laser burns and leads retinal to thinning and results in an increased retinal ability to extract oxygen from the choroid. Thinning of the retina improves relative oxygenation in the retinal tissue, but it is ischemic destruction and retina also decreases the release of angiogenic growth factors such as VEGF. This process leads to regression or disappearance of retinal vascular vessels.52-55
Pain, development of macular edema, losing visual field, reduction in night vision, color vision loss, retinal scarring, and reduction in contrast sensitivity are seen in several diabetic patients after retinopathy laser therapy.56-58 However, most patients are able to tolerate pain, but shortening the duration of the laser pulse, specifically avoiding prolonged posterior nerves in three to nine hours’ position and failing treatment in a few sessions can reduce pain and improve patients’ condition. Using longer laser wavelengths is more uncomfortable and limits the ability to tolerate pain in some patients.59-61 Although macular edema is resolved within weeks to months after laser therapy in some patients, it can lead to their loss of visual acuity. To reduce macular edema after laser therapy, the number of laser spots delivered per session must decrease.62-64
The negative effect of lasers on peripheral visual fields has been studied by evaluating the visual correctness of different laser techniques. Scores for the visual field in diabetic patients after laser therapy on the four-year visit are worse and the visual field reduces. Moreover, diminished color vision after laser therapy is reported.65,66 Decreased night vision and contrast sensitivity have also been reported following laser therapy in several studies.67 Choroidal detachment or effusions, commonly and potentially adverse effects of laser therapy, lead to the anterior angle shallowing, elevated intraocular pressure or angle closure glaucoma and are resolved with any treatment and rarely cause visual sequelae.68 Vascular congestion of the choroid almost happens after xenon or argon laser therapy and causes the eyelashes to rotate to the shallow anterior chamber and transiently increases intraocular pressure. This can lead to transient accommodation and transient myopia or transient increased intraocular pressure.69
Laser therapy can result in misdirected or excessively intense burns, bleeding from the choriocapillaris, damage to macular and other ocular structures, and breaks in Bruch’s membrane. The use of excessive energy in laser therapy breaks Burch’s membrane and then fibroblast growth factor synthesis and the retinal pigment epithelium active to synthesize vascular endothelial growth factor that leads to the development of choroidal neovascularization.70-72
In several patients after the laser procedure, many side effects including choroidal detachment, hollowing of the anterior chamber, exudative retinal detachment, and increased intraocular pressure are reported.73,74
After laser therapy, we need to follow up patients and checkup some factors such as change and appearance in vessels, vitreous hemorrhage frequency and extent, vitreous detachment status, scars extent, and fibrous proliferations extent from the last retinopathy laser therapy on.75
Conclusion
Laser therapy requires highly trained and skilled people who have to carry out the laser procedure and give precautions after surgery to the patient, and caring after the laser operation is very important to get the desired result. Some after-effects of treatment, such as scarring and hypopigmentation may appear several months after laser application. Laser therapy is not a method without side effects and most of the times it is accompanied by failures. The probability of adverse side effects should be meticulously compared to beneficial results to make a reasonable clinical decision from one patient to the other. Patient satisfaction is an important point and many side effects cannot be avoided; therefore, all possible risks and potential complications after laser therapy should be explained to patients. Patients should be aware of long-term risks before laser therapy. If an undesirable complication is managed immediately, the prevention of permanent damage may be possible.
Ethical Considerations
Not applicable.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Notes
Please cite this article as follows: Khalkhal E, Razzaghi M, Rostami-Nejad M, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Heidari Beigvand H, Rezaei Tavirani M. Evaluation of laser effects on the human body after laser therapy. J Lasers Med Sci. 2020;11(1):91-97. doi:10.15171/jlms.2020.15.
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