Benefits of Landfill Gas Energy Projects | US EPA (2024)

Using landfill gas (LFG) to generate energy and reduce methane emissions produces positive outcomes for local communities and the environment. LFG utilization projects create partnerships among citizens, nonprofit organizations, local governments and industry in sustainable community planning. The benefits of LFG energy projects are significant for the following reasons.

On this page:

• Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
• Reduce Air Pollution by Offsetting the Use of Non-Renewable Resources
• Create Health and Safety Benefits
• Benefit the Community and Economy
• Reduce Environmental Compliance Costs

Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are the third-largest human-generated source of methane emissions in the United States, releasing an estimated 103.7 million metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO₂) equivalent (MMTCO₂e) to the atmosphere in 2021 alone. With a global warming potential at least 28 times greater than CO₂ and a short (12-year) atmospheric life, methane is a potent greenhouse gas that is a key contributor to global climate change. As a result, reducing methane emissions from MSW landfills is one of the best ways to achieve a near-term beneficial impact in mitigating global climate change. In addition, methane contributes to background tropospheric ozone levels as an ozone precursor. Finally, many of the technologies and practices that reduce methane emissions also reduce associated emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), odors and other local air pollutants.

Given that all landfills generate methane, it makes sense to use the gas for the beneficial purpose of energy generation rather than emitting it to the atmosphere. It is estimated that an LFG energy project will capture roughly 60 to 90 percent of the methane emitted from the landfill, depending on system design and effectiveness. The captured methane is destroyed (converted to water and the much less potent CO₂) when the gas is burned to produce electricity. LMOP's LFG Energy Benefits Calculator can be used to estimate greenhouse gas reductions from LFG recovery projects.

CO₂ emissions from MSW landfills are not considered to contribute to global climate change because the carbon was contained in recently living biomass. The same CO₂ would be emitted as a result of the natural decomposition of the organic waste materials outside the landfill environment.

Reduce Air Pollution by Offsetting the Use of Non-Renewable Resources

Producing energy from LFG offsets the use of non-renewable resources, such as coal, oilor natural gas, to produce the same amount of energy. This can avoid emissions of CO₂;criteria pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (a major contributor to acid rain), particulate matter (a respiratory health concern)and nitrogen oxides (NO_X);and trace hazardous air pollutants from power plants and other fossil fuel users.

Like all combustion devices, LFG electricity generation devices emit some NO_X, which can contribute to local ozone and smog formation. Depending on the fuels and technologies used by the power plant and the LFG electricity project, the NO_X emitted from the LFG electricity project may exceed the avoided NO_X emissions from the power plant. Overall, however, LFG electricity generation projects significantly improve the environment because of the significant methane emission reductions, hazardous air pollutant reductionsand avoidance of the use of non-renewable resources such as coal and oil that are more polluting than LFG.

Create Health and Safety Benefits

Burning LFG to produce electricity destroys most of the non-methane organic compounds (including hazardous air pollutants and VOCs) that are present at low concentrations in uncontrolled LFG, which reduces possible health risks from these compounds. In addition, gas collection can improve safety by reducing explosion hazards from gas accumulation in structures on or near the landfill. Generating electricity from existing MSW landfills is also a relatively cost-effective way to provide new renewable energy generation capacity to supply community power needs. LFG can serve as a “baseload renewable”, providing online availability exceeding 90 percent.

Benefit the Community and Economy

LFG energy projects generate revenue from the sale of the LFG, electricity or renewable natural gas (RNG) created from LFG. LFG use can also create jobs associated with the design, constructionand operation of energy recovery systems. LFG energy projects involve engineers, construction firms, equipment vendorsand utilities or end users of the power produced. Much of the project costs are spent locally for drilling, piping, constructionand operational personnel, helping communities to realize economic benefits from increased employment and local sales. Local businesses can realize cost savings associated with using LFG as a replacement for more expensive fossil fuels. Some companies could save millions of dollars over the life of their LFG energy projects.

By linking communities with innovative ways to deal with their LFG, LMOP helps communities enjoy increased environmental protection, better waste managementand responsible community planning.

Estimated Regional Economic Impacts and Job Creation from LFG Energy Project Construction^a

MW: megawatt scfm: standard cubic feet per minute RNG: renewable natural gas
^a Estimates based on LMOP’s LFGcost-Web, Version 3.6.

Reduce Environmental Compliance Costs

Current EPA regulations under the Clean Air Act require many larger landfills to collect and combust LFG. There are several compliance options, including flaring the gas or installing an LFG energy recovery system. Only LFG energy recovery gives communities and landfill owners the opportunity to reduce the costs associated with regulatory compliance by turning pollution into a valuable community resource.